Botticelli Essay example -- Biography

He used his paintbrush like a pen or a pencil to outline. He was more interested in making his paintings beautiful in a fantasy type of way. He died a lonely man having done little or no more painting in the last ten historic period. Who was this famous artist? Botticelli. Thoughtful and clever, Botticelli particolored many famous masterpieces.Botticellis real nurture was Alessandro Filipepi. He was born in 1445 in Florence, Italy. This was the time of the Renaissance. Botticelli was the youngest of five children. He got his nickname when working with a goldsmith. The goldsmith named him Botticelli, meaning, Little barrel. Many early(a) people of the Renaissance said he had a deep-set of eyes and flowing locks. But they also said he was a jokester and a prankster to his friends (WebMuseum par 2). By the time he was 15, he had his receive workshop to show off his work. (Historylink par 2). In addition, when he was 15 years old he already was training with a really popular paint er from the Renaissance. His name was Fra Filippo Lippi (Historylink). Fra Filippo Lippi taught him how to mix colors and how to paint pictures. In 1465 Botticelli made his own studio (WebMuseum par 3). In comparison Botticelli and Fra Filippo Lippi are very similar. They both painted a picture beginning with The worship of the Botticellis picture The Adoration of the Maji is a painting of the birth of Christ. Lippis picture The Adoration of the Kings is a picture of the Kings. (FactMonster par 1). Botticelli spent most of his biography in Florence. He painted many pictures of mythology. His most famous masterpiece was the Birth of Venus (Artchive par 2.). He was devoted to only paint pictures of mythological beings instead of religious subjects. Thats what he was... ...elli made a big difference in Florence, Italy. He worked for the famous Medici family. The Medici family was very important in the Renaissance. They controlled the Florence city and they were very wealthy. They val ued him very much. Since Botticellis paintings were known for their poetic feeling, they either told a story or showed a famous scene from a mythological or religious subject. The masterpieces never had anything to do with science or nature. Not all of the characters were real they just had to stand for a purpose in the painting. Botticellis master Fra Filippo Lippi impacted his life by getting him to start to paint pictures. Without his assistance he would have never intentional to paint any of the famous masterpieces in the Renaissance. He learned about mythological subjects and how to use decorative details. Lippi got him to be the gifted artist he was.

Nuclear Waste Disposal Essay -- Nuclear Waste Disposal Environmental E

nuclear Waste Disposal For over the last half century, the production and exploit of nuclear technology has rotate into many areas of the current modern society and affects each individual in one way or another. nuclear technology has become relevant in areas of the advancement of energy production, national defense, and also the medicinal field as well. But, along with the use of nuclear technology comes an added burden nuclear cop. As defined, Nuclear waste is the type of waste that results from the use and production of nuclear materials. As nuclear materials are produced and use up, one by-product of the process is a declamatory amount of dangerous chemical elements. In short, nuclear wastes are generated from spent nuclear fuel, dismantled weapons, and other products which many include the most dangerous chemical element, plutonium. As nuclear energy is being a more reliable source, we must find a way to properly dispose of it just resembling any other energy waste.Th e most important design item that we must consider in storage of nuclear waste lies in the screen of its radiation. Currently, nuclear waste is stored in specially-designed, water-filled basins or dry casks at commercial power reactor sites or at one away-from-reactor storage facilities in 43 different states.. But as these are only temporary, The Bush Administration and the U.S Department of Energy have proposed a design for a permanent waste disposal which will place steel canisters containing the spent fuel to be stored within other steel canisters and buried horizontally in chambers three hundred meters below the earths surface. In February of 2002, President Bush chose the site of Yucca Mountain (90 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada) as the place to... ...ng methods to solve this problem. Hopefully efforts will be successful and the world will have one less worry in its already huge human waste disposal dilemma.Works Cited1.Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 49. Internatio nal Nuclear Waste Disposal Concepts. http//www.uic.com.au/nip49.htm. 2/3/20052.Nuclear Waste Storage and Disposal Methods. http//www.etsu.edu/writing/3120f99/zctb3/nuclear2.htm3.Natural Resources vindication Council. EPA loses Yucca Mountain court case. http//www.nrdc.org/bushrecord/articles/br_1688.asp?t=t4.Environmental Media Services. Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Storage and Transport. http//www.ems.org/nuclear/yucca_mountain.html5.Brongers, Michiel P.H. Nuclear Waste Storage. Chem.480, April 6, 2002, www.utm.edu/departments/artsci/chemistry/NUwaste.htm

Frank Mccourt Angelas Ashes Essay -- essays research papers

Bednarz-Caraballo SylwiaEssay 6 - This is lifeReading Angelas Ashes was in truth emotional. One would not believe how people weard in Ireland nearly years ago. And Im sure that wasnt the only place in the human race where people were struggling like that. domestic dog Mc Court, the oldest shaver who tried to take c are of his brothers the best way of life he knew, tells the story. He didnt relieve oneself an easy life. This poor child tried to do anything for him and his siblings to survive. spirit at people I fill in and comparing their life to Mc Courts lives, well I think that most of them wouldnt tied(p) know what to do, how to do it, to survive. My main point how is it that some people have everything they need to live and others have nothing and still find a way to make things work, not on a high level, but still. How is it possible that Frank McCourt and his brothers survived? In my eyes they went through a lot. How anyone would be able to do it now? I cant see that happening. I dont know if I could. Although, Im sure that there are people living this way. The McCourt family moved from New York to Ireland to look for a better way of living, to go forth about their dead children, to try to have a mend life. Well, it didnt work out. The father of the family was to caught up with drinking, instead of giving the money for the needs of the family, which would be just simple - food. When the father left to England to look for a job and never sent any money to his starving family Frank felt ob... Frank Mccourt Angelas Ashes Essay -- essays research papers Bednarz-Caraballo SylwiaEssay 6 - This is lifeReading Angelas Ashes was very emotional. One would not believe how people lived in Ireland some years ago. And Im sure that wasnt the only place in the world where people were struggling like that. Frank Mc Court, the oldest child who tried to take care of his brothers the best way he knew, tells the story. He didnt have an easy life. This poor child tried to do anything for him and his siblings to survive. Looking at people I know and comparing their life to Mc Courts lives, well I think that most of them wouldnt even know what to do, how to do it, to survive. My main point how is it that some people have everything they need to live and others have nothing and still find a way to make things work, not on a high level, but still. How is it possible that Frank McCourt and his brothers survived? In my eyes they went through a lot. How anyone would be able to do it now? I cant see that happening. I dont know if I could. Although, Im sure that there are people living this way. The McCourt family moved from New York to Ireland to look for a better way of living, to forget about their dead children, to try to have a regular life. Well, it didnt work out. The father of the family was to caught up with drinking, instead of giving the money for the needs of the family, which would be just simple - food. When the father l eft to England to look for a job and never sent any money to his starving family Frank felt ob...

American Beauty by Sam Mendes Essay -- Film Movies

American Beauty by Sam MendesThis essay has problems with formatingIn American Beauty, 1999, directed by Sam Mendes, we be confronted with thepermeating images that have consumed mainstream American life. Mendes exploits theseimages as eddys that we created some ourselves as a means of hiding our true selves. Mendes is able to implicate us in the look and make us active viewers by exploiting our voyeuristic reputation. In American Beauty Mendes determinations the voyeuristic tendencies of the spectator to acknowledge the permeating constructed images. Mendes, through the use of narration, the mise en scene and cinematic techniques implicates the spectator in to using their voyeuristic tendencies to deconstruct the images in order to reveal the true image. From the start of the film the construction of images is evident.American Beauty begins with the obvious constructed shot, shown through the use of avideo camera, of a young teenage girl. The narration reveals that she wants h er father dead. The image portrayed around her is constructed as an evil, unaffectionate youth. The next scene is of a high angle shot, with a voice-over narration. The voice-over goes to explain that this is Lester Burnhams speaking and he is already dead and the pursuit is a construction of the relevant events. This scene holds relevance for two reasons. First it constructs an image that the young teenager in the previous scene is the killer. And as we allow learn by the end of the film this image is not all that it appeared to be. This is a reoccurring theme throughout the film, that these are constructed images, and to notice that there is more to the theme then what appears on the surface. The high angle spanning shot of Lesters street also holds significance for the spectator. This commencement shot is quite similar to that of Alfred Hitchcocks opening scene in Psycho. The similar themes is the spectators being the voyeurs. In each we are looking into the private sphere of the character. However, in American Beauty our voyeuristic nature is not shameful. The narration that accompanies the scene is allowing our voyeuristic desires to enter into theprivate lives without guilt or shame. Mendes as does Lester asks the spectator to be the voyeur. As well the sign on Lesters cubicle wall is not a coincidence. Mendes is again soliciting t... ...ng against thejumbled blinds of the sliding door. The perfect symmetrical image within the mise en scene iserased in order to represent the failing images in Carolyns life.In American Beauty, Mendes constructs his images in order to ask the spectator todeconstruct, by looking closer. This film represents the shabbiness that we have allowed to seepinto American culture. We have allowed ourselves to be overly concerned with the way we wantto be or told we should be represented. There are alike many cases of the individuals soul beinglost behind a maze of faulty images. Mendes begs the spectator almost in desperation to try tosee the debaucher that this world has to offer. However, he is not pessimistic in his conclusions. Like the flower the film is named after we can still bloom late and the appreciation for the smash will last for eternity. Yet to reach a point to appreciate the beauty we must strip away thecomplex layers which we have surrounded ourselves with. This is Mendes point, the indispensableness todeconstruct the permeating ideologies within our culture. BibliographyAmerican Beauty. Dir. Sam Mendes. Dreamworks /Warner Brothers, 1999.

Abilities vs. Disabilities :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Further Inside The Center - Abilities vs. DisabilitiesThe Center for the Work in Barstow, CA, conceived and bear by Byron Katie, was a place where people from all over the world could come and learn how to view life differently from before. Through the process of inquiry, to a fault known as The Work, everyday folks could turn normally unpleasant experiences into opportunities, and painful ideas into insights. The result was a small culture, full of people who moved peacefully and joyously through their lives no matter what was going on around them. Tremendous flexibility to castrate with changing circumstances was a natural exposecropping of this new way of thinking and viewing adversity.People well versed in The Work could quickly ascertain what their circumstances were, and move in congruity with the reality of their situation. As the situation changed, their movements would change with it. From the outside it appeared that there was little continuity in what these people wer e doing, for plans would change at a moments notice. Katie would move scurrying than anyone I know. This process had the appearance of Katie is not consistent. But in truth she was staying absolutely consistent, consistent with doing what was best at the given time with the changing circumstances. She changed her musical theme as fast as circumstances changed.She would make plans and share them with the staff. Then it was the staffs job to bring them to fruition. But as a situation changed, Katies plan would change with it, and the staffs actions would change accordingly. An example that comes to mind, which illustrates this point, was when we had a mailing to get out. We had a list of hundreds of names of people interested in the Work, and Katie was to make an appearance somewhere. We were to send out the announcement of her date, time and location. We worked up the postcard style announcement, printed up hundreds of copies, printed out the address labels of recipients, and got t he labels on the postcards and had nearly all of them stamped. This process took a few years with many volunteers helping out. When we were nearly all done with the project, word came down that her plans had changed. She was not going there after all.We had about five people working on the project when we got the news. We were to throw away those postcards and start on something similar reflecting her new plans.

Abilities vs. Disabilities :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Further Inside The Center - Abilities vs. DisabilitiesThe Center for the Work in Barstow, CA, conceived and run by Byron Katie, was a place where people from all over the world could come and learn how to view life differently from before. Through the process of inquiry, also cognize as The Work, everyday folks could turn normally unpleasant experiences into opportunities, and painful ideas into insights. The result was a small culture, full of people who moved peacefully and joyously through their lives no matter what was going on around them. Tremendous flexibility to alternate with changing circumstances was a natural outcropping of this bran-new way of thinking and viewing adversity.People well versed in The Work could quickly ascertain what their circumstances were, and move in accordance with the reality of their situation. As the situation changed, their movements would change with it. From the outside it appeared that there was little continuity in what these people were doing, for plans would change at a moments notice. Katie would move faster than anyone I know. This process had the appearance of Katie is not consistent. But in truth she was staying absolutely consistent, consistent with doing what was best at the given time with the changing circumstances. She changed her mind as fast as circumstances changed.She would make plans and share them with the staff. Then it was the staffs job to bring them to fruition. But as a situation changed, Katies plan would change with it, and the staffs actions would change accordingly. An example that comes to mind, which illustrates this point, was when we had a mailing to get out. We had a list of hundreds of names of people interested in the Work, and Katie was to make an appearance somewhere. We were to send out the contract of her date, time and location. We worked up the postcard style announcement, printed up hundreds of copies, printed out the address labels of recipients, and got the labels on the p ostcards and had nearly all of them stamped. This process took a few days with umteen volunteers helping out. When we were nearly all done with the project, word came down that her plans had changed. She was not going there after all.We had about five people working on the project when we got the news. We were to throw away those postcards and start on something similar reflecting her new plans.

Soylent Green & Euthanasia

English 20 Soylent Green & Euthanasia Soylent Green was based on the short history by Harry Harrison entitled Make Room Make Room It offers solutions to many near future problems. Overpopulation is angiotensin converting enzyme. Euthanasia is another. Feeding the masses is yet another. In fact euthanasia is a solution to the problem of overcrowding. What I choose to deal with here is euthanasia. Simonson, a character in the book, helps himself to the latters food, liquor, bathroom, and books. Through this he discovers the nefarious deeds of the Soylent Company, The entity that feeds people.He treats it as a necessary evil. A concept that pulls the hearts strings of all readers. In the story food is provided for the overpopulated world by a lottery where old people argon killed in euphoric ways to provide food. The meals are called Soylent green. Some people are aware of what the lottery is for, just about are not. These are important for the fact that overpopulation in todays so ciety is already a problem. I will address that later. The movie is precise disturbing. The idea that homosexuals are food for other humans strikes the wrong cord in the reader, as it should.That is the authors intention. The movie and the story are made to provoke a viewer to think about different perspectives. The one that stuck with me the most is Euthanasia. I disagree with the authors inedited meaning. Personally I feel that euthanasia should be allowed. Not out of necessity but because people should not suffer. To address the modern day relevancy it must be mentioned at the time of the book and movie. It was understood mathematically that eventually there would be too many people to feed.It is the same way today and the fleck of people that are growing every year is such that it is exponentially. Also euthanasia is constantly debated today. Some people believe that it is an issue reserved for all Gods judgment. I. E. it will never be a human beings decision. The other poin t of view is that free choice is what is given by god. Again the author is not debating those two issues when it comes to euthanasia. He is debating the first I mentioned. That euthanasia is a moral issue vs. the issue of human survival. Euthanasia is a religious, ethical, and moral issue in this county.It is one that is shunned by our society in the fact that no one wants to talk about it. The view of many Christians is that when you are called to heaven it is your turn. However, the cobblers last half dozen months of your life are usually the most expensive time of life. A person can live a century and in that time, become helpless of time and place. In this instance, the physician and government officials have to make the decision to euthanize. Morally, families usually decide and carry out loved ones last wishes. Funerals are arranged, people die, are remembered, and then buried.It needs to be noted that in many European counties euthanasia is allowed. A kindly finish for the elderly is the European sentimentality. Personally I agree with the concept. The movie treats it in a way that is defiantly negative. Again I agree with euthanasia, a inviolable comfortable death for those at the end of their life. The movie showed the detrimental side of euthanasia. The fact that the people were not aware of being turned into food is humorous. Truly, I find it hilarious. The story is one that shows the dangers of overpopulation and government control.Forgive me again, for laughing but the irony that is inherent in the movie makes me laugh to no end. Actually what harm is do by people becoming food unwillingly? IT needs to be noted that in the movie Dr. Pianka had mixed feelings about the creation of Soylent green. On one he had was feeding the multitude on the other hand he was taking lives. How would you feel about such a dichotomy? Personally I feel that the ends justify the means. Truly, debating the intention of the debating author is clear. He hopes that th is future is one that WILL not happen At the same time HarryHarrison realizes it is a possibility. This is Something that we as humans should be aware of. The possibility that people could be sterilized by the true progressives is truly disturbing. In conclusion, Soylent Green is a movie that provokes the mind, spirit, and soul. The trueness that the world will soon be overpopulated is so close to coming true The creators of the movie show that. It wants nothing more for us as human beings to understand that this is an issue that will have to be dealt with eventually. Also it wants us to understand that not every option is the best option.

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 5

Hana rancid and hurried up the riverbank. The woman screaming was Sada, her mothers sister and thegirl who was stumbling beside her was Ryl, Hanas little cousin-german.Ryl was a more or less girl, ten years old. But right now she flavored dazed and almost unconscious. And herneck and the front of her leather tunic were smeared with blood.What happened? Hana gasped, running to hurl her arms or so her cousin.She was pop looking for new greens. I put up her lying on the ground-I thought she was dead Sadasface contorted in grief. She was speaking rapidly, almost incoherently. And look at this-look at herneckOn Ryls pale neck, in the center of the blood, Hana could just make out two small marks. They looked similar the marks of clear-sighted teeth-but further two teeth.It had to be an animal, Ket breathed from behind Hana. But what animal only leaves the marks of twoteeth?Hanas heart felt tight and peculiarly heavy at once- equivalent a stvirtuoso falling inside her. Sada was a l installspeaking.It wasnt an animal She says it was a man, a boy She says he threw her vote out and fleck her-and hedrank her blood. Sada began to sob, clutching Ryl to her. Why would he want to do that? Oh, please,somebody help me My daughters been hurtRyl just stared dazedly over her mothers arm.Ket said faintly, A boyHana gulped and said, Lets select her to experienced Mother But and so she stopped and looked toward theriver.The hands were driving the odd up the bank. He was snarling, terrified and angry-but when he sawRyl, his expression changed.He stared at her, his wounded animal eyeball sick and dismayed. To Hana, it seemed as if he could hardlystand to look at her, but he couldnt look away. His respect was fixed on the little girls throat.And then he turned away, his eyes shut, his tip falling into his hands. Ein truth movement showed anguish.It was as if all the fight had deceased out of him at once.Hana looked back and forth in horror from the girl with blood on her throat to the unidentifiedr with blood on his mouth. The connection was unmistakable and nobody had to make it out loud.But why? she thought, feeling nauseated and dizzy. Why would anybody want to drink a girls blood?No animal and no human did that.He must be a demigod after all.Arno stepped forward. He gripped Ryls chin gently, turning her head toward the stranger.Was he the one who attacked you?Ryls dazed eyes stared straight ahead-and then she suddenly seemed to focus. Her pupils got big andshe looked at the face of the stranger. indeed she started screaming.Screaming and screaming, hands flying up to cover her eyes. Her mother began to sob, rocking her.Some of the men began to shout at the stranger, jabbing spears at him, over inject with shock and horror.All the sounds merged together in a terrifying cacophony in Hanas head.Hana found herself apprehension. She reached automatically for little Ryl, not bashing how to comfort her.Ket was crying. Sada was wailing as sh e held her child. People were streaming out of the limestone cave,yelling, trying to find out what all the disruption was about.And through it all, the stranger huddled, his eyes shut, his face a mask of grief.Arnos voice rose above the others. I think we hunters know what to do with him. This is no womb-to-tomb amatter for shamans He was looking at Hana as he said it.Hana looked back. She couldnt speak. There was no reason for her to care what happened to thestranger-but she did care. He had hurt her cousin but he was so wretched, so unhappy. by chance he couldnt help it, she thought suddenly. She didnt know where the idea came from, but it wasthe kind of instinct that made Old Mother say she should be a shaman. Maybe he didnt wantto do it, but something drove him to. And now hes sorry and ashamed. Maybe oh, I dont knowStill trembling, she found herself speaking out loud again. You cant just efface him. You have to take himto Old Mother.Its none of her businessIts her business if hes a demon Youre just co-leader, Arno. You take care of the hunting. But OldMother is the leader in spiritual things.Arnos face went tight and angry. Fine, then, he said. We take him to Old Mother. scoke with their spears, the men drove the stranger into the cave. By then, most of the people of the clique had ga in that respectd around and they were muttering angrily.Old Mother was the oldest woman in the clan- the nifty grandmother of Hana and Ryl and almost every(prenominal)body. She had a face covered with wrinkles and a body like a dried stick. But her dark eyes werefull of wisdom. She was the clans shaman. She was the one who interceded directly with the EarthGoddess, the Bright Mother, the Giver of Life who was above all other spirits.She listened to the story seriously, sitting on her leather palette while the others herd around her.Hana edged close to her and Ryl was placed in her lap.They want to slaughter him, Hana murmured in the old womans ear when the story was o ver. But look athis eyes. I know hes sorry, and I think maybe he didnt mean to hurt Ryl. Can you talk to him, OldMother?Old Mother knew a apportion of different languages shedtraveled very far when she had been young. But now, after trying several, she shook her head.Demons dont speak human languages, Arno said scornfully. He was standing with his spear ready .although the stranger squatting in front of the old woman showed no signs of trying to run away.Hes not a demon, Old Mother said, with a seveie glance at Amo. Then she added slowly, But hescertainly not a man, either. Im not sure what he is. The Goddess has never told me anything aboutpeople like him.Then obviously the Goddess isnt interested, Arno said with a shrug. Let the hunters take care of him.Hana gripped the old womans thin shoulder. Old Mother put a twiglike hand on Hanas. Her dark eyeswere grave and sad.The one thing we do know is that hes capable of great harm, she said softly. Im sorry, child, but Ithink Arno is r ight. Then she turned to Arno. Its getting dark. Wed better shut him up somewheretowickedness then in the morning we can decide what to do with him. Maybe the Goddess will tell mesomething about him as I sleep.But Hana knew better. She saw the look on Arnos face as he and the other hunters led the strangeraway. And she heard the refrigerating and angry muttering of others in the clan.In the morning the stranger would die. Unpleasantly, if Arno had his way.It was probably what he deserved. It was none of Hanas business. But that night, as she lay on herleather pallet underneath her warm furs, she couldnt sleep.It was as if the Goddess were poking her, telling her that something was wrong. Something had to bedone. And there was nobody else to do it.Hana thought about the look of anguish in the strangers eyes.Maybe if he went somewhere far away he couldnt hurt other people. Out on the steppes therewere no people to hurt. Maybe that was what the Goddess wanted. Maybe he was some cre ature thathad wandered out of the spirit world and the Goddess would be angry if he were Jailed.Hana didnt know she wasnt a shaman fef. All she knew was that she felt pity for the stranger and shecouldnt keep still any wanter. A short time before dawn she got up. Very quietly, she went to the back of the cave and picked up aspare water skin and some hard patties of traveling food. Then she crept to the side cave where thestranger was shut up.The hunters had set a sort of fence in front of the cave, like the fences they utilize to trap animals. It wasmade of branches and bones lashed together with cords. A hunter was beside the fence, one hand on hisspear. He was leaning back against the cave wall, and he was asleep with his mouth open.Hana edged past him. Her heart was pounding so loudly she was certain it would wake him up. But thehunter didnt move.Slowly, carefully, Hana pulled one side of the fence outward.From the darkness inside the cave, two eyes gleamed at her, throwing ba ck the light of the fire.Hana pressed fingers against her mouth in a sign to be quiet, then beckoned.It was only then that she realized exactly how dangerous what she was doing was. She was letting himout-what was to stop him from race past her and into the main cave, grabbing people and biting them?But the stranger did no such thing. He didnt move. He sat and his two eyes glowed at Hana.Hes not going to come, she realized. He wont.She beckoned again, more urgently.The stranger still sat. Hanas eyes were getting used to the darkness in the side cave and now she couldsee that he was shaking his head. He was determined to stay here and let the clan kill him.Hana got mad.Balancing the fence precariously, she jabbed a finger at the stranger, then jerked a thumb over hershoulder. You-out the gesture meant. She put behind it all the authority of a descendant of OldMothers, a woman destined to be co-leader of the clan someday.And when the stranger didnt obey immediately, she reached for him.That scared him. He shrank back, seeming more alarmed than he had at anything else that had happenedso far. He seemed afraid for her to touch him.Afraid he might hurt me, Hana thought. She didnt know what put the idea into her mind. And she didntwaste time inquire about it. She simply pressed her advantage, reaching for him again, using his fearto make him go where she wanted him to.She herded him into the main cave and through it. They both moved like shadows among the sheltersbuilt a commodious either side of the cave, Hana feeling certain that they were about to be caught any minute. Butnobody caught them.When they got outside she guided him toward the river. Then she pointed downstream. She put the food and the waterskin in his hands and made distributedgestures that meant, Go far away. Very far away. Very, very far. She was going into a pantomimeindicating what Arno would do with his spear if the stranger ever came back when she noticed the wayhe was looking at her.The mo on was up and so bright that she could see every detail of the strange boys face. And now hewas looking at her steadily, with the quiet concentration of a hunting animal, a carnivore. At the analogous timethere was something bleak and terribly human in his eyes.Hana stopped her pantomime. All at once, the space around the cave seemed very large, and she feltvery small. She heard night noises, the croaking of frogs and the rushing of the river, with a peculiarintensity.I should never have brought him out here. Im alone with him out here. What was I thinking?There was a long pause while they stood looking at each other silently. The strangers eyes were verydark, as bottomless and ageless as Old Mothers. Hana could see that his eyelashes were long and sherealized again, dimly, that he was handsome.He lifted the packet of traveling food, looked at it, then with a sudden gesture he threw it on the ground.He did the same with the waterskin. Then he sighed.Hana was bristling, going from f ear to annoyance and back again. What was he doing? Did he think shewas trying to poison him? She picked up thefood packet, broke a piece of traveling food off and put it in her mouth. Chewing, she extended thepacket toward him again. She made gestures from packet to mouth, saying out loud, You need to eat,food. corrode EatHe was watching her steadily. He took the packet from her, touched his mouth, and shook his head. Hedropped it at his feet again.He means it isnt food to him.Hana realized it with a shock. She stood and stared at the strange boy.The food isnt food to him and the water isnt drink. But Ryls blood he drank that.Blood is his food and drink.There was another long pause. Hana was very frightened. Her mouth was trembling and disunite had cometo her eyes. The stranger was still looking at her quietly, but she could see the fangs indenting his lower lipnow and his eyes were reflecting moonlight.He was looking at her throat.Were out here alone he could have attacked me at any time, Hana thought. He could attack me rightnow. He looks very strong. But he hasnt touched me. tied(p) though hes starving, I think. And he looks sogrieved, so sad and so hungry.Her thoughts were tumbling like a piece of bark tossed on the river. She felt very dizzy. It hurt Ryl but it didnt kill Ryl. Ryl was sitting up and eating before we all went to sleep tonight. OldMother said shes going to get well.If it didnt kill her, it wouldnt kill me.Hana swallowed. She looked at the strange boy with the glowing animal eyes. She saw that he wasntgoing to move toward her even though a fine trembling had taken over his body and he couldnt seem tolook away from her neck.What good does it do to send him off starving? Theres no other clan near here. Hell just have to comeback. And I was right before he doesnt want to do it, but he has to do it. Maybe somebody put a curseon him, made it so he starves unless he drinks blood.Theres nobody else to help him.Very slowly, her eyes on the str anger, Hana lifted the hairsbreadth from one side of her neck. She exposed herthroat, leaning her head back slightly.Hunger sparked in the strange boys eyes-and then something blazed in them so quickly and so tropic that itswallowed up the hunger. Shock and anger. He was staring at her face, now, not her neck. He shook hishead vehemently, glaring.Hana touched her neck and then her mouth, then made the far-flung gestures. Eat. Then go away.And for the Goddesss sake, hurry up, she thought, shutting her eyes. Before I panic and change mymind. She was crying now. She couldnt help it. She clenched her fists and her teeth and waited grimly,trying to hang on to her resolve.When he touched her for the first time, it was to take her hand.Hana opened her eyes. He was looking at her with such infinite sadness. He smoothed out her fist gently,then kissed her hand. Among any people, it was a gesture of gratitude and reverence.And it sent startling tingles through Hana. A feeling that was almos t like shivers, but warm. A lightness inher head and a weakness in her legs. A sense of awe and wonder that shed only ever felt before whenOld Mother was teaching her to come about with the Goddess.She could see startled reaction in the strangers eyes, too. He was feeling the same things, and they wereequally new to him. Hana knew that. But then he dropped her hand quickly and she knew that he wasalso afraid. The feelings were dangerous-because they drew the two of them together.One long moment while they stood and she saw moonlight in his eyes.Then he turned to go.Hana watched him, her throat aching, erudite he was going to die.And somehow that wrenched her insides in a way shed never experienced before. Although she keptherself standing still, with her head high, she could feel the tears running down her cheeks. She didnt know why she felt this way-but it hurt her terribly. It was as if she were losing something infinitelyprecious before shed had a chance to know it.The future s eemed gray, now. Empty. Lonely.Cold and desolate, she stood by the rushing river and felt the wind blow through her. So aloneHannah Hannah Wake upSomeone was shouting, but it wasnt a voice from her cave. It sounded-faraway-and seemed to comefrom all directions, or maybe from the sky itself.And it was saying her name wrong.Hannah, wake up Please Open your eyes The faraway voice was frantic.And then there was another voice, a quiet voice that seemed to strike a chord deep inside Hana. Avoice that was even less like sound, and that spoke in Hanas mind.Hannah, come back. You dont have to relive all this. Wake up. Come back, Hannah-now.Hana of the Three Rivers dosed her eyes and went limp.

Managing Effective Labor Relations

MANAGING EFFECTIVE LABOR EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Abstract Labor relations refer to the relationship amongst somatic prudence and the weddingized change stateforce. Administering the best practices along with the current developments in repel relations is contingent on fight management relations. In addition, the effectual material for collective bargaining and negotiations need to be examined. Knowledge of the history of the relationship between labor matrimonys and management is fundamental in effective labor relations management today. What is a labor substance?A labor confederation is a group of employees, who ar organized by the specific job that they do. They get along together to form units that bargain with their employer regarding fielding issues and conditions. Union flowers are referred to as blue-collar workers because the majority of people who hold that job specification are too union members. The majority of union members work in the creation sector. The se are jobs where the funding source bottomland be national, state, or local. These types of jobs include postal utility jobs, teachers and police officers.Jobs in the private sector pass water no involvement with the government and are run by private citizens or groups. These types of jobs could be entrap in restaurants, retail, or corporations. There are m each an(prenominal) much union members in the human race sector than the private sector. Just under half of all in all employees in the federal, state, and local government are union members. Public school teachers, police, and firefighters hold the highest number of union workers in the local government. The second largest groups on the tend of union members are protective service workers in private industry.In the private sector, union members make up almost a quarter of the size of the public sector, in transportation and utility positions. Other major private industries with above-average union membership per cent umages are construction and manufacturing, where in each case thirteen percent of the employees are in unions (Sloane & Witney, 2011). All union members have legal employment objurgates that must be respected by their employers. Some ripes are provided by federal or state statutes, hile others are inherent in specific union-employer agreements. If a union member expressions that his rights have been infringed, in addition to taking legal action, charges can also be filed against employers through the National Labor Relations Board for violation of collective bargaining agreements. The NLRB is responsible for the encumberion and resolving of unjust labor practices under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). They also guarantee the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively with their employers.Another feature that union members have that non-union members fagt is a unfairness procedure. This is an official complaint from the union member when they believe their contractual rights have been violated. The steps of the grievance procedure are sketch in the collective bargaining agreement. Collective bargaining is the process whereby unions and management negotiate and administer labor agreements (Sloane & Witney, 2011). Labor union officials enjoy many a(prenominal) special powers and immunities that were created by legislatures and the courts.Union officials claim to rely on the funding of members of a political organization of workers who are exclusive of their protractership. In Special countenances, (2010), the following heel of special privileges reveals the rights union members have in their favor Privilege 1 Exemption from anti-monopoly polices. The Clayton Act of 1914 exempts unions from anti-monopoly laws, enabling union officials to forcibly drive out self-supporting or alternative employee bargaining groups. Privilege 2 Power to force employees to accept unwanted union awardation. Monopoly bargaining, or exclusive stand foration, which is embedded in almost of the countrys labor relations statutes, enables union officials to act as the exclusive bargaining agents of all employees at a unionized workplace, thereby depriving employees of the right to make their own employment contracts. Privilege 3 Power to collect forced union dues. Unlike other private organizations, unions can bind individuals to support them financially.In 27 states under the NLRA (those that have not passed Right to Work laws), all states under the RLA, on exclusive federal enclaves, and in many states under public sector labor relations acts, employees may be forced to pay union dues as a condition of employment, stock-still if they reject union affiliation. Privilege 4 Unlimited, undisclosed electioneering. The Federal Election Campaign Act exempts unions from its limits on campaign contributions and expenditures, as well as or so of its reporting requirements.Union bigwigs can discharge unlimited amounts on com munications to members and their families in support of, or opposition to, candidates for federal office, and they need not report these expenditures if they successfully claim that union publications are primarily devoted to other subjects. Privilege 5 Ability to strong-arm employers into negotiations. Unlike all other parties in the economic marketplace, union officials can compel employers to bargain with them.The NLRA, FLRA, and RLA make it illegal for employers to resist a unions collective bargaining efforts and difficult for them to counter aggressive and deceptive campaigns waged by union organizers. Privilege 6 Right to trespass on an employers private property. The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 (and state anti-injunction acts) give union activists immunity from injunctions against trespass on an employers property. Privilege 7 Ability of strikers to control jobs despite refusing to work. Unlike other employees, unionized employees in the private sector have the right to strike that is, to traverse to work while keeping their job.In some cases, it is illegal for employers to hire replacement workers, even to avert bankruptcy. As you can see, the privileges of the union may seem unfair to non-union members. This can create a lot of mixed emotions and tension in the workplace. Although the rate of unionization has declined, its effects on the workplace are still existent. When you are non-union, its understandable to be complacent about union issues. Non-union employers must be aware of a number of other policy and practices that can lead to allegations of unfair-labor practices against them.To uphold a fair work environment, management looks to form naked relationships between both non-union and union members. In order to prepare for issues that may buy the farm between both parties, it is the lodges responsibility to be fully informed and aware of union laws and precedents. The focus of the tralatitious law of unions makes up the major part of the labor law. It is based on workers collectively and their rights as a group. It is different from employment law which focuses more on issues relating to the rights of individual employees.The body of law of which labor law is comprised is significant for the importance of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The NLRA is codified at 29 U. S. C. 151-169 and purports to serve the national interest of the unite States regarding labor relations inside the country (Cornell, n. d. ). When periods of widespread strikes occur, uneasy relations can very quickly and severely have an adverse effect on the entire country. A clear policy regarding labor and management encourages the best interests of the employer, which is to maintain full trade and industry production.It is essential to maintain peace in the workplace not just between employees, but employers as well. The NLRA attempts to limit industrial conflict among employers, employees, and labor organizations since the frictio n could affect full production which can then result in a series of even bigger problems. Unfair labor practices Union or not, when someone is treated unfairly at work, it can destroy morale. Sometimes the unfair treatment is done accidentally, but most of the time, the unfair treatment is a very deliberate act on the part of the management.In some cases, the unfair treatment can actually be illegal. What is always true is that unfair treatment at work makes more problems than it solves, breeds displeasure and distrust among employees, and creates an extremely uncomfortable work environment (Thorpe, 2008). These practices are referred to as unfair labor practices and have been singled out for their potential to harm the general eudaimonia of employees. Through the NLRA, employees are guaranteed the right to organize and to bargain collectively with their employers through representatives of their own choosing.If they choose not to exercise these rights, they are also guaranteed th e right to terminate from them. The NLRA establishes a procedure by which employees can exercise their choice whether or not to join a union in a secret-ballot election conducted by the National Labor Relations Board. When and at whose discretion a secret-ballot election may be exercised as opposed to other election procedures is currently a matter of contention between employers and labor groups (Cornell, n. d. ). For those who belong to a union, they have some protection against unfair treatment at work.Union members have the right to work free of the pressures of unfair labor practices, as positiond by the NLRA. Members also have the right to file claims regarding unfair labor practices with the NLRB. According to union-organizing. com, examples of unfair labor practices include coercion to join or refrain from joining a union threats to close facilities in retaliation for union activities bribes directed at employees for any reason personal inquiries concerning union sympathie s refusal to consider grievances (Ingram, 1999).Unions and the United States Labor movement have continued their historic decline in terms of membership and density, in todays economy. Unions have emerged from a period of economic growth and prosperity to becoming smaller and weaker. Having missed an incredible opportunity to grow in a time of prosperity, labor must now figure out how to build numbers and strength in face of economic uncertainty, a republican President, war, budget deficits, public service cuts and the continued exporting of union manufacturing jobs (Lerners, 2002).The unions of the United States have huge resources millions of members, billions of dollars in dues, and hundreds of billions in pension capital, as well as political power and the leverage of collective bargaining. These resources offer the potential and the opportunity to organize millions of workers and rebuild the labor movement. The AFL-CIO has documented that the US economy is growing absent from the labor movement, growing fastest where unions are weakest, where only one out of ten new jobs is union. Private sector unions are losing density in the traditional unionized sectors of the economy (Lerners, 2002).The weakness of labor unions is becoming increasingly evident in the low statistics in most sectors. Supporters of union workers can see in those same numbers the potential for huge growth, with millions of non-union workers coming into those sectors. In general, it is legal for employers to try to persuade employees not to unionize. However, it is illegal for a company to attempt to prevent employees from unionizing by promises of violence, threats or other intimidating actions. It is also illegal for unions to use lies or threats of violence to intimidate employees into joining a union (Silverman, n. . ). Opponents of unions believe that labor unions are bad for business. They feel that labor unions have too much power for their size. They also feel that labor unions u se this power as act upon against companies, by causing labor monopolies. Some feel that they ask too much of companies, causing either the company to shut down, or to supply more money for their employees. Union members are generally Democratic, and are certain that Republicans believe that labor unions lead to recession because they cause wages to go up, and that causes prices to go up, which leads to disdain production.For many business managers and owners who are striving to keep their firms strong in a competitive marketplace, the thought of a labor union entering the workplace and organizing the employees can be a source of headache (Hall, 1999). Although employers cannot prevent unions, they can take steps to make unionization less attractive to their non-union employees. According to some human resource professionals, the best defense against union organizing may be a beneficial offense (Lerners, 2012).This can be obtained in a non-aggressive elan such as managers having an open-door policy with their subordinates and answering any questions and concerns they may have. Human resources play a big role also, since they handle the employee benefits and relations. Keeping a good working(a) relationship will promote effective communication, thus reducing the risk of unhappy employees who may seek to unionize. WHY DO EMPLOYEES JOIN UNIONS? 1. Failed to keep up with job rate and benefit package. 2. Rule by fear. 3. Win/Lose Philosophy of labor relations. 4. Favoritism. 5. Little, if any, personal recognition. . Lack of fair and firm discipline. 7. No input into any decision-making. 8. No career advancement available. 9. Little job security. 10. No complaint procedure, no support by employees for complaint procedure. 11. Failure to have personnel policies and benefits in writing. 12. Lack of recognition for length of service. http//www. d. umn. edu/umdhr/Policies/grievance. html In the work place, union members have the benefit of negotiating with their e mployer as a group. This basic right gives them much more power than if they were to negotiate individually, as non-union employees do.On average, union employees make 27 percent more than non-union workers and ninety-two percent of union workers have job-related health coverage versus 68 percent for non-union workers (Silverman, n. d. ). Union workers also have a great advantage over non-union workers in securing their pensions. Through their collective bargaining agreements and the grievance and arbitration processes, unions help to protect their employees from unjust dismissal. As a result, most union employees cannot be fired without just cause, unlike many non-union employees who can be fired at any time and for almost any reason.The use of the term union steward is not universal. It is, however, the most common designation prone to a representative of the union whose role is to represent employees in a certain work area (Sloane & Witney, 2011). Stewards or union represent atives are selected by the union. Some unions elect their stewards while others are appointed by the union officers. No matter how they are selected, the union notifies the company of the employees who are stewards for specific work areas.Due to the size or location of the departments, they may have several stewards while other departments may have one steward who is responsible for several departments. whatsoever the case, the union internally determines this and notifies accordingly. The supervisory program does not have a role in the selection of the steward. Stewards are persons who are responsible to the union for performing many functions. The steward represents employees in the bargaining unit and can also recruits new members, handle communications between the union and management, and interpret the contract to employees. Most importantly, they represent the union.Supervisors should recognize and respect the stewards role. If a supervisor thinks that a steward is not succ essfully doing his or her job as a steward, it is not the responsibility of the supervisor to give any advice or make recommendations. The supervisor must remember that the steward is a company employee. Essentially, the steward is chosen because he or she is the most competent to represent the employees. However, it is important, that the supervisor accept the steward in good faith. It is the companys obligation to give stewards the sincere and careful consideration to which they and the employees they represent are entitled.It is crucial that the supervisor and the steward develop a good working relationship. If both individuals can recognize their respective roles, they can form an grounds. In other words, the steward can be a friend or an enemy. As in any working relationship, time and experience will define it. A supervisor who treats a steward fairly will most likely receive fair treatment and respect from the steward. Another powerful union scape is the strike. A strike is when a group of workers stops working in protest to labor conditions or as a bargaining tool during negotiations between labor and management.This may not always be the most effective plan of action, but the law entitles union members the right to strike when they feel that it is necessary. Employers fear the possibility of a strike since production stops while the strike is in effect. Strikes can last anywhere from hours to weeks and the longer they continue, the more mordant they can last for the company. While labor unions are not as prominent today as they were in the past, they still play a indispensable role in protecting and representing Americas workforce.As the supervisor in a union environment, the most critical relationship in a working environment is the one between employees and their immediate supervisor. To the employee, the immediate supervisor becomes the face of that jurisdictions management (Karon, 2010). The responsibilities that management represents are crit ical to the successful supervisory interface with employees. In a union environment, a third party (the bargaining unit) would be put into this relationship. The membership of a workforce that is represented by a union are called a bargaining unit.Employees can choose to join the union or refrain from joining nevertheless, all are subject to the working conditions or agreement agreed to by the jurisdiction and the union (Karon, 2010). Although negotiations of these agreements can take a while to establish, the critical aspect of the process is in the administration of that contract. The supervisor is the key link in a relationship between labor and management. Each supervisor has a responsibility to ensure that the labor agreement is enforced. As a result, many supervisors will be involved in the mandated grievance process.Because supervisors generally know more about the employee than top management does, there are additional burdens placed on these supervisors. To the average empl oyee, the supervisor is management. Due to this, a supervisor must understand his or her role and responsibilities in the organization that he or she represents. Most important is the supervisors ability to get along with employees. While close personal involvement with employees is frowned upon, the supervisor should be friendly and concerned about the welfare of those that he or she supervises at work.When a person is appointed to a supervisory position, they must realize the fine line in relationships between themselves and their employees. Providing an environment where all employees are comfortable, while remaining pro-active with full awareness of policies that apply to either union or non-union members, or both. By remaining accessible and understanding, employees will be more open to discussing concerns, thus reducing the urge to join the union for increased benefits. The introduction of the labor agreement adds a new dimension to the multi-faceted role of the supervisor.Th e institution of a grievance procedure in addition to the presentation of the union representative and steward or union official, makes it even more critical for supervisors to understand that to accept the responsibility of a supervisory position means supporting and advocating managements position (Karon, 2010). The supervisor who cannot support supervisory and management in a policy does a disservice to everyone at the company. For this reason, supervisory training should be heightened to guarantee that they respond properly whenever allegations of contract violations have occurred.Enforcing company policies as well as obeying the collective bargaining agreement does not take the supervisors right to their own opinions away. In fact, it is the responsibility of the supervisor to pass their opinions on to other levels of management and communicate results to other employees. Since the supervisor has the most contact with the employees, it is usually the supervisor who becomes the middleman when disputes arise. For this reason, good communication skills and understanding the importance of the supervisors role in your organization is essential to the success of every supervisor.Employers that have become somewhat complacent with respect to union organizing must become more active in reviewing their human resource policies and practices. Some may be surprised to find out their companies are unionized, or have union members affiliated. Often times, organizations have standard accustomed rules that their members follow. These may have been established through the grapevine or accepted as common knowledge. To ensure configuration with the work rules, manuals and handbooks should be reviewed regularly to evaluate whether they do or do not violate the NLRA.Furthermore, there are many resources within the administration of a company that can be employed. These include human resource programs, policies, and procedures that are infrequently utilized, as well as compla int procedures and establishing an open-door policy. Policies that require employees to first plant complaints to their immediate supervisors should also be thoroughly reviewed to verify that both union and non-union issues are handled properly. Being a supervisor is not an easy task.The supervisor is entrusted with accomplishing the work of his or her unit through the efforts of their employees within that unit. Keeping the employees informed of what their jobs are and how they are to accomplish their tasks are just a small part of the supervisors general responsibilities. Administering standards and expectations, developing methods to motivate and increase productivity, and ensuring compliance to all policies through open communication with all employees will promote effective labor relations within the company.Running head MANAGING EFFECTIVE LABOR EMPLOYEE RELATIONSReferences Cabot, S. (1997). How to avoid a union Retrieved from https//www. nlrb. gov/national-labor-relations-ac t Hall, S. (1999). How to stop union organizing. Retrieved from http//www. ehow. com/how_7986074_stop-union-organizing. html Ingrim, D. (1999). Union members rights. Retrieved from http//money. howstuffworks. com/labor-union5. htm Karon, J. (2010). Discipline and Grievance. Retrieved from http//www. d. umn. edu/umdhr/Policies/grievance. html Lerners, S. (2002). Labor Notes ternary steps to reorganizing and rebuilding the labor movement. Retrieved from http//labornotes. org/node/575 Big Labors Special Privileges (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. nrtw. org/d/big_labor_special_privileges. htm Sloan, A. & Witney, F. (2011). Labor Relations, 13th Edition. Upper burthen River, NJ Pearson Learning Solutions. Thorpe, J. (2008). Employment Law Unfair treatment at work. Retrieved from http//www. helium. com/items/801741-employment-law-unfair-treatment-at-work

A book review of `Bias` by Bernard Goldberg

The book Bias by Bernard Goldberg is statement by its author that vane nakeds (CBS, NBC, ABC, and CNN), has failed in its mission by presenting the big position on issues as the baseline, of reasonableness and that any variation from that position is controversial or a deviation from should be. Reasonable minds, in other words, do not differ.The book asserts the claim that the News is packed with the views of liberal advocacy groups and rarely includes the views of conservative thinkers. In his nearly thirty years at CBS News, Emmy Award- victor Bernard Goldberg earned a reputation as one of the finest disciplineers in television news. When he looked at his own business, however, he saw that the media far too lots ignored their primary mission objective, disinterested reporting.Time and time over and over he saw that they sales talked the news to the left. For years Goldberg appealed to reporters, producers, and network executives for more equilibrate reporting, however no on e listened. The liberal bias has continued for some time. Now, in BIAS, he blows the whistle on the news business, showing exactly how the media slant their reporting while insisting that theyre tho giving the basic facts (Regency, 2001).One of the main points in the book deals with how CBS Evening News dealt with the flat tax proposal of the republican presidential candidate Steve Forbes. The story as reported by Eric Engberg was one-sided. There was no time given to flat tax supporters. In point of fact, the report was actu entirelyy a mocking of Steve Forbes plan. The only critics were a small number of right-of-center sources.In the book Goldberg shows how media bias has twisted the facts of some of the biggest stories of the last two decades, the facts that prove that conservatives and liberals in politics are treated radically different by the news media, how the news is knowingly manufactured, why certain key facts are omitted from news stories if they educate a case a or a cause seem less compelling that the news media feels free to heap criticism on just about anyone or anything but is absolutely intolerant of any criticism of its own work, and a behind-the-camera tour to witness scenes of jaw-dropping arrogance and spin-cycle journalism (Regency Publishing, 2001)The resulting furor was all started by an chromatography column published on February 13, 1996 by Goldberg in The Wall Street Journal entitled Networks Need a Reality Check. The premise of the editorial was 1) there was a liberal bias on the part of television news reporters that 2) got in the way of their reporting.This was not an earthshaking revelation, in that most plurality knew of this, without being told. However, this had not been stated or published before by an admitted liberal. For that exactly what Goldberg had thought of him as. But, he was also then a typical network newsman.Another example of liberal bias is during the Clarence Thomas-Anita Hill hearings, NBC News actually brought Catherine MacKinnon in as an expert to bring perspective to the hearings. MacKinnon is the feminist who famously implied that all familiar intercourse is rape (Wilson, 2001).This editorial was a very public announcement of the unpardonable sin of publicly mentioning the issue of the liberal bias in the media. In the editorial, Goldberg called the offending reporter and his own network employer to task (Hartlaub, 2001).The resulting outcry from reporters and anchors on all three networks including cold shoulders from coworkers help to confirm his suspicions that bias in the new media was real.That editorial, as well as subsequent ones printed on February 15, 1996 and May 24, 2001 all caused extensive, but revealing problems for Goldberg. It was a reaction not to the comments, whether they were true or false, but to the fact that the statements were made at all.

Daily Express and the front page of The Times Essay

Write a comparison of the two or three articles on the inside scallywag of the mundane Express and the front page of The clock, explaining how the two pieces atomic number 18 appropriate for the newspaper for which they are scripted. The reported story is that Peter Foster helped Cherie Blaire buy two flats in Bristol, while not intentional that Peter Foster is a fraudster. The Daily Mail released the story, followed by a front page article. The Daily Mail is a tabloid and uses a large heading, wanting to use this story to attract lots of readers and pass on their message.The Times is a broadsheet and therefore does not use such a large heading plainly has a balanced view, on this story, giving facts and opinions. The Daily use a medium sized get wind which is unflattering, as Cherie Blair looks really stressed out, guilty, panicked and very untidy as her hair is out of place. She is looking desperate and it looks like she regrets whats she d iodine and wishes she could tur n choke time. This picture is a really emotive picture which makes the reader feels remorse for her. Her make up does not match her clothes this is exhibit that is feeling likewise stressed to care about the way she looks.In The Times the central picture is of Cherie Blair and is very huge. The Times show a very emotive picture of Cherie Blair she is looking up, this shows she is looking up to God and asking him to help her. This picture also shows weakness, which makes the reader think that Cherie Blair has done something very wrong her make up is worn out again as it was in The Daily Mail this shows she has very much more important things to think about and really cannot be bothered to re apply her make up when it wears away.In The Evening banal the image is showing a completely different style from The Times and The Daily Mail. The background of the picture is red, this shows The Evening Standard supports the Labour Party as red represents them also this is a colour that exp resses love and affection. This means Tony Blair supports Cherie Blair and he is showing his affection to his wife. Cherie Blair has her eyes closed this shows they are very close together and this shows whatever Cherie Blair does it affects her husband.You cant see Cherie Blairs arms, this making look like they are merging together. They are focusing more on Cherie Blair you can see this because there is more of her face than his. Cherie Blair is shown wearing some jeweller, this shows not scarce is she posh but she is also a mother, wearing make up shows her femininity. All images give a huge impact on the article and fits with what they are arrangeing. The Daily Mails advertise is Cherie gives her story. They contract written it all in capital letters to make it stand out more.The raillery story implies that The Daily Mail thinks she has made it up because story means made up. Also story means there is not only one view but two views on this. The headline of The Daily Mail i s written in very huge font size and takes up much more than the actual article. Instead of the strap line which The Times has in the beginning, they use topic sentence. The topic sentence is in bold and the first password of the caption is in capital. The caption gives us a quick idea what the article is about.It gives some space between the headline and pictures. The Times headline is I am not a superwomen- I am sorry. This headline shows that she just a normal human being and made a mistake just as every other human makes mistakes. The Times has two strap lines so that we know the two main things the article is about. They say she admits she made two mistakes and makes the readers against her. The Times use medium sized bold writing. For the strap lines they use two bullet points one and font is smaller than the headline.They have done this to show the strap lines are important and tell the reader the things discussed in the article. Underneath the article is written in smaller font but Cherie Blairs name in the beginning is written in capital letters and slightly bigger than the sleep of article. The by line, in The Times, is written in slightly bigger font size the article whereas in The Daily Mail the by line only the name of the person that the article is written by is bold and bigger font size than the rest of the text. The writing does not have hardly any space between them.The Evening Standard headline say Im very proud of Cherie, it is written this is saying that Tony Blair agrees fully with his wife. Eyes are drawn to headline because it is bigger and bolder than The Times and The daily Mail. It uses topic sentence to start off the article just as The Daily Mail does. The topic sentence is bolder and slightly bigger than the rest of the text. Tony Blair names written in bold and capital letters, they did this to divert the attention to Tony Blair and say its not only Cherie shift but Tony Blairs fault too. They use lots of spaces between text an d heading.

George Orwell 1984 Essay

In this essay I intend to investigate experiences and historical events in Orwells mannerstime. These events may make up signifi privytly influenced Orwells style, structure and theme, contributing to the semipolitical and artistic nature of his new. I also intend to comp atomic number 18 the contradictory interpretations of Orwells message. Did he intend 1984 as a contendning, a prediction, or a historical novel? Despite its critics 1984 has made a signifi apprizet impression on the new-fangled earth.Its infiltration into reality television may non be a tribute Orwell would thrust appreciated but many of his terms and phrases have been utilise to highlight threats to social and personal freedom. I will employ this as a basis to ascertain(p) whether in that location atomic number 18 other aspects of Orwells novel that have become reality in the un interpreterd cosmos. 1984 by George Orwell was pen in1947/48. This era has been referred to as The age of anxiety, the age of the lost generation. (www. write upguide. org/europe/lecture10) It was a nightmare world where someoneity was lost.The totalitarian states of the time, exercised complete control over the lives of their serviceman subjects. The Great war ( field War One) facilitated totalitarian regimes, simply because war has entirely one objective victory. Individuality is sacrificed for collectivism and freedom is restricted as regimens reject liberal values. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) This mood of anxiety and con divisionity, is clearly illustrated in 1984 this is portrayed in the early pages of the novel and is well-kept throughout. Orwell cleverly uses his descriptive talent, to set the scene for his reader.At the very beginning of his novel the vile wind, the birl of gritty dust (Page 4) projects a interdict image of life in 1984. The maintenance of these ocular images is preserved and comparisons, surrounded by post-war Britain and 1984, are recognisable. Examples of these are the shortages, rationing and the bombsites of the 1940s. Orwell successfully engages the readers senses to conjure up images within the mind of the reader. The h totallyway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats. (Page 4) I found phrases like this one very made me aspect the squalor and deprivation he was describing.The use of visual cues is also a theme, which starts on the first page of Orwells novel. He continually presents images that could be describing London during the 1940s, but are in fact describing life in 1984. A coloured poster too large for indoor present has been tacked to the wall (Page 4) Orwell has managed to reaffirm the squalid surroundings by the use of the word tacked before he has even depict the poster. It depicted simply an enormous scene, much than a metre wide the face of a man of about forty-five with heavy black moustache and ruggedly hand-some features.Many have suggested that Orwell base his character Big Brother the leader of th e party on Stalin and Hitler because they all shared similar physical characteristics and had the ability to manipulate the minds of the masses. (The Worlds Most iniquity Men). However, Churchill was also recognised for his skill in altering lots minds(The History Of World War II) which could be interpreted that, the people of the 1940s were macrocosm manipulated, regardless of their countries political status. His creative talent excelled itself with the name of his totalitarian leader.Big Brother conveys an image of trust and loyalty with the mind that he is a member of your family who is a count on affording protection and security. This is a complete contradiction to the lives of the Russian citizens under Stalin or the German people during Hitlers rein and thus the population of nineteen 80 four had little opportunity to feel safe. The naming of other characters within his novel, I suspect, had a deeper sloppeding. For example Emmanuel Goldsteins face was depict as It resembled the face of a sheep and the voice, too, had a sheep like quality.The signifi shtupce of this description becomes more meaningful if you look at a poster (see appendix 1) utilise during World War II. Henri Guigon represented Churchill as a British bulldog in an American poster. To the whole world Britains new prime minister epitomised the stubborn and sublime nature of the British. Orwell uses animals for descriptive comparison frequently in his writing but the use of a sheep, in this instance, is a curious choice. The character Goldstein is the leader of the inverse and sheep like qualities conjure up images of low intelligence and all following the crowd.This is a form of sarcasm that implies ridicule, disapproval, or contempt Sarcasm often includes an divisor of irony. Winstons description of the face-off is not dissimilar to party members. Orwell could have been expressing his concerns with how Churchills War Cabinet, had on occasions, behaved no differently from t he fascist regimes of the era. bran-news was censored, salary controlled and travel restricted under the guise of wartime necessity. (Guardian 2002). However Goldstein is a Jewish name and World War II had just ended when this book was being written.Goldstein is used as a scapegoat in 1984, which has, parallels with the Nazis attempt to blame their problems on the Jews. In my opinion the name of Orwells main character Winston smith also had a deeper, if somewhat personal meaning. Orwell was a dying man, when he wrote this novel, and he was probably aware it would be his final legacy to the world. He had a reluctant admiration for Churchill.Although he did not always agree with his policies he admired him not only for his courage but also a certain largeness and geniality. The History Of World War II) This admiration was expressed in the form of poetry that he rarely wrote. (See appendix 2). It is a try-on acknowledgement of this respect, that Winston became the name of his prima ry character. Smith is simply a very commons English name, which gives the impression that Winston Smith is a very ordinary citizen not dissimilar to oneself. The caption under the Big Brother posters read Big Brother is watching you (Page 4) Orwells use of capital letters for this caption, and indeed others by and by in the book, gives increased impact to the reader of the significance of these words.It gives a sense of the controlling nature of the society in which the citizens of 1984 lived constantly being watched by the look of Big Brother. It was similar to the blackouts enforced during World War II where wardens patrolled neighbourhood, and failure to conform, resulted in humiliating offenders in front of their neighbours. (The History Of World War II) The use of posters and slogans in Orwells novel may well have been inspired by the vast array of similar images used during World War II. England and Germany, among others, used large images, in a poster format, to send me ssages to their people.These were used to encourage conformity, solidarity and patriotism within each nation. At times they were also used to lose ones temper morale at home and abroad, while at the same time humiliating and ridiculing their opponents. (See appendix 3) A genuine example of this, used in World War II, is the manner of V on walls in German- occupied Belgium. The Flemish speaking Belgians would interpret this as vrijheid, which means freedom, and the French speaking Belgians would understand this to mean victoire (victory). This is a cruel psychological attack on an already defeated nation.Winston describes party slogans, in 1984, on the walls of buildings, which also have contradictory meanings. War is peace, exemption is Slavery and Ignorance is Strength (Page 6) Orwell uses this fictitious character of psychological approach in different ways throughout his novel. Orwells wife, Eileen OShaughnessy (1905-1945) had a degree in psychology from Oxford University. O btained in the 1920s this would have been a significant achievement for a woman at that time and her influence on Orwells writing has been recognised. Eileen wrote a poem called End Of The Century, 1984(1934).There are similarities between the futuristic vision of Eileens poem and Orwells 1984, including mind control and the destruction of personal freedom. (www. arlindo-correia) The aggression, described by Winston, during the two-minute hate, and the hangings could have been influenced by Eileens psychological knowledge. There are various psychological theories as to why people display aggression. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed aggressive impulses are a reaction to frustrations of daily lives. This theory could easily be applied to the citizens in 1984.Freuds theories were very influential during the 1940s/50s and his written articles had an al just about political language, when referring to human behaviour, which may have appealed to Orwells political and artistic nature. Be havioural psychologists believe behaviour is learnt through reinforcement their theory is that creation respond to social reinforcement such as social approval. In the 1940s solidarity and conformity in Britain was achieved via camaraderie every one doing their bit. (Yesterdays Britain) In 1984 it was built on fear.In the following quote Winston describes what happens to citizens who dont conform to the partys political orthodoxy. In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated vaporized. (Page 22) This type of enforcement was common after the death of Lenin in 1924. His successor JosefStalin turned a popular revolution based on freedom and equality, into a totalitarian dictatorship supported solely by terror. He said The death of a man is a tragedy the death of a thousand is a statistic (World Most atrocious Men). A census in 1937 estimated that Russias population was twenty million short of what it should have been, although this in validation was withheld and emigration and famine were factors Stalins purges accounted for millions of deaths during his rule. Winston describes the use of purges during the formation of the party.The intense anger and hatred that Winston describes are characteristic of mob behaviour and learning. The characters of Orwells novel show almost animal like hatred for the opposition and hero worship for Big Brother. This behaviour appears unrealistic, but if you look at Britain during World War II there are some striking similarities. The people of Britain were suffering a savage war with horrors, deprivation, shortages and bombings. Death and loss were a constant threat, yet ordinary British people obeyed government instructions oblige calm and carry on.The conformity of the people of 1984 is portrayed in different ways firstly party uniforms remove any possibility of individuality. The idea that men and women wore the same uniform also removed gender as a source of identity. Im going to get hold of a real womens frock from somewhere and wear it instead of these bloody trousers. Julia goes on to say In this room Im going to be a woman, not a party comrade. (Page 164) During the war womens role changed and they were required to do the work previously done by men. The uniforms they wore, although practical, had a distinctly masculine appearance.Clothing was rationed until March 1949 and women had learnt to live separately. The Bible (Deuteronomy 22. 5) clearly states, The women shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man highlighting the social unacceptableness of women wearing trousers. This did not change until the 1960s. Gender identity refers to the psychological and biological dimensions of sex. Freud (1925) described this as Psychical consequences of anatomical distinction between the sexes(Freud 1925) In the modern world, there is legislation that prohibits discrimination, because of a persons gender identity, which is part of the human rights laws. (www. ransgenderlaw. org)Although Orwell gives his characters names, the society he is describing mainly refer to each other as comrade. This was also a common term used in Nazi Germany, during World War II. Removing the use of personal names is another means of removing an individuals identity and individuality. The party is all-powerful, friendships and family structure is suppressed to limit the possibility of divided loyalties. The party demands absolute loyalty in thought and deed. Children are brainwash via organization such as the Junior Spies and Youth Groups these are similar to Adolph Hitlers Youth League, during World War II.Education was designed to suppress independent thought and sources of information were restricted and controlled. In the 1940s most educational es tablishments, educated children via the didactic model sometimes called teacher- centred teaching. This method is where knowledge is passed from teacher to pupil. The teacher speaks and the pupils listen. In the modern world students are educated via the critical method this is sometimes called student-centred learning. This is a process where students are taught to explore, apparent movement and formulate rightfulness and opinions for themselves.The use of investigating, discussing and debating are used to facilitate the development of independent thought. (Pollard1998) One of the most chilling depictions of the repressive and controlling nature of life in 1984, in my opinion, is the inclusion body of the telescreen.. The telescreen receives and transmitted simultaneously, you had to live did live, from habit that became instinctive in the assumption that every sound you made was over heard, and except in darkness, every movement scrutinised. Page 5) The use of the telescreen wa s an ingenious concept, taking into account the era. Technology was primitive compared to the modern world. However, the military during World War II better radar and rockets, this enabled the post war development of television (1946) and close circuit television (CCTV) (1949). The Star newspaper (January 14 1949) included an article explaining a New system of television being used to aid road safety. This system carried signals direct from a camera to a screen with both visual and audio reception, this was known as CCTV.The summer of 1949 saw the engineering science and the knowledge but not the resources available to launch satellites (The Star 1949) which we now know can be used to monitor, observe and transmit around the world. In todays society Britain has earned a reputation as a world leader of surveillance. It is estimated that the average British citizen is caught on camera up to three hundred times per day (The Star 2005). However, observation of British citizens is not a new concept. During World War II mass observation was the governments way of persist ining in touch with the mood of the people.Tom Harrison, the theater director of mass observation called for observers to monitor war morale. Citizens reactions in cinemas were monitored to perceive the mood of the nation (Yesterdays Britain). Orwell used irony extensively through out his novel. For example He was alone no telescreen, no ear at the keyhole, no nervous impulse to glance over his shoulder or cover the page with his hand. (Page 214) This contradicts appearance with reality and allows the reader to understand Winstons motives and rebellion.Later the reader is informed that in fact the telescreen is hidden behind a picture, which was offered for sale by Mr Charrington preliminary in the novel. This suggests to the reader that an enemy is not always obvious. The friend and foe situation between the Communists and the Nazis during the 1940s is a clear example of a hidden enemy. In the present world, America and Britain are fighting a War on terrorism. It appears ironic that we are fighting a war against an unknown enemy at home and abroad. Orwells character Winston Smith is frequently have-to doe with with the parties alteration of facts and history.The quote He who controls the past controls the future is a grand notion. The alteration of history, whether personal or social removes individuality and identity it also, to a certain extent, changes reality into anything the ruling party deems it to be. Stalin, after the Russian revolution, had history rewritten to magnify his part in events. Trotskys part had been erased from Soviet textbooks. (Time Archive 1940) For information and historical events to be constant and unalterable they need to be remembered. human race have a complex memory system, which enables information received from the environment to be processed.Short-term memory (STM) is information that is held temporarily and long-term memory (LTM) is a permanent storage system. For information to pass from STM into LTM individuals need to pay attention to the received information. Repetition, relearning and making the information meaningful help to maintain the information permanently. Orwells 1984 society appears to be attempting to remove LTM from its citizens. Information is received via telescreens but due to poor LTM development this information can be altered without the individual retentivity the original information.This is achievable partly due to the act that new information interferes with previous memories. Orwell expressed his concerns (Politics and the English language) that government officials debating on historic events trivialised the truth and found ways to convince everyone that history never happened or happened but it didnt mater any way. Young children have a limited memory capacity due to underdevelopment of the pre frontal cortex but also because they are not particularly interested in remembering the p ast thus make little effort to develop ways of making memories meaningful, which also makes recall more difficult.Orwell uses this concept in his novel in a variety of ways. Firstly the characters in 1984 are more concerned with survival than the past. The present is more applicable to this aim than events from the past. With the purpose of Newspeak, the official language of Oceania it enables the party to restrict speech, thought and consequently memory. Many in todays society, would suggest that politicians have perfected their own form of Newspeak. The use of text messaging is also a modern day form of newspeak. Orwell was concerned with the use, or misuse of the English language.He felt that words with variable meaning were often used with the intent to deceive and that language was intended for expression not concealing or preventing thought. In the modern world the media is required to present a balanced coverage of news and public affaires. However this results in a form of double think in which truth is immediately neutered by an opposite truth. The second section of Orwells novel deals mainly with the love affair between the characters Winston and Julia. This gives the novel direction and hope. However, the inclusion of the book makes this a difficult section to read.Orwells intentions may well have been to explain the futility of war where there are no winners or indeed losers just simply the maintenance of war. Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlining his vision of the future of Germany. It was a ranting, sometimes unreadable vision of the future of Germany (The worlds most evil men). This may have been the inspiration for the inclusion of the book in Orwells novel. Orwell uses various figurative language through out his novel, this gives the writing great power of expression and meets Orwells criteria for artistic purpose (Why I Write).For example the melodramatic use of the nursery rhyme Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St Clementss (Page 112) Is an epigram, the rhyme symbolizes, in an almost child like way, the past. Orwell maintains the original historical names of the London churches before the formation of the party. Through this symbolic representation it gives Winston hope that, fragments of the past can survive. Other characters gradually piece together the rhyme until Charington finally completes it during the capture of Winston and Julia. These Churches are recognisable in London today and keep the novel relevant after the year 1984.Orwell uses innuendo with the words we shall meet in the place where there is no darkness (Page 118). Winston believes these words are from OBrien but Orwell manages to keep the origin and the significance of these words unknown until Winston and Julia are captured. This creates and develops a sense of foreboding and suspense, which maintains the controlling and manipulating society, which is being portrayed in 1984. Winstons dreams of the Golden pastoral are the direct opposite of his reality in 1984. They represent peace, beauty, unity and uniqueness.These are Freudian theories as they reveal Winstons subconscious. The capture and subsequent twirl of Winston shows a curious, horrific and terrifying journey. The absolute and total destruction of the mind and body. However, the language and tone is calm and detached with surprisingly little malice, anger or hatred. This gives a deeper more powerful description of what Orwell is suggesting the future could be. It also gives the character OBrien a more complex personality. He is constantly switching between good guy and bad guy. This intrigues the reader, as well as Winston.Is he friend or foe? He has the power to do good or evil, which will he choose? Orwell is using an interesting psychological theory. He is suggesting that not all evil men are bad all the time and thus good people do not always act nicely. The reader is left with a feeling of wanting to like OBrien but at the same tim e hating him for his cruelty. This strange relationship is as contradictory and confusing as Churchill and Roosevelts involvement with Stalin (1939). Despite the catastrophic purges, and the negative value that Stalin had demonstrated over human life, they still became allies.Churchill said of Stalin, at the Yalta summit, I walk through the world with greater courage when I escort myself in a relationship of friendship and intimacy with this great man. Stalin concealed a cruel and calculating nature prepared to commit war crimes at least as evil as those of the enemy. (Worlds Most Evil Men) Winston represents mankind (us)If you are a man, Winston, you are the last man. (Page 309) Winstons torture and re-education is his or our kick downstairs to save humanity, freedom, individuality, choice, beliefs and the right to be different.Orwell has used psychological manipulation of the mind to project a horrific interpretation of the destruction of mankind Orwell uses a terrifying concep t, by taking Stalin and Hitlers atrocities to a whole new level total and absolute conformity in life as well as in death. So long as human beings stay human, death and life are the same thing. (Page 156) Orwells novel in my opinion is a plausible projection of the future as he saw it in 1948. Projections of the future, often allows the reader to become detached because the people appear different from oneself.However, Orwell creates characters that are not dissimilar from us (the reader). The inclusion of the proletarians, that cleverly maintain sentimental songs and normal human compassion, also prevents detachment and preserves recognisable modern parallels. The mountain of this novel is used to maintain the past, the present and the future. For example, the central administration building of The University of London which was used during World War II as the headquarters for the ministry of information. on the whole censoring systems were coordinated from here.It bears a striki ng resemblance to the Ministry of Love described in 1984 and amusingly its telegraphic address was miniform. (www. orwelltoday. com) All other significant buildings, described in 1984 can be located in London today. This was probably Orwells intention and it keeps the novel viable even after the year 1984. In returning to the original question I feel I have demonstrated that George Orwell used many sources of inspiration, from the world, in his writing of 1984 and it powerfully reflects the times in which it was written.After the publication of Animal Farm (1945) Orwell explained that he intended to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole(Why I Write). This suggests that Orwell was concerned with Britains future. Even with overwhelming evidence of the evil nature of the Stalin regime, they still became allies with Britain and America. Malcolm Muggeride said of Orwell He loved the past, hated the present and dreaded the future. I strongly believe that Orwell intend ed 1984, as a warning of what the world could become, not necessarily what it would become, if we (the future) did not take action and responsibility.Orwell has left a legacy, a permanent warning. For the present and the future, to prevent the formation of the totalitarian states of the past. His terminology has given modern day man, the language to express themselves and to protect civil liberties and influence human rights. 1984 is a political satire that exaggerates all that was wrong with the world in 1949 to hopefully shock and horrify a nation into action and prevent this type of society becoming a reality. Although the date of the book has passed the message is still clear and in some ways more relevant today, than when it was written.The advances in technology have made the surveillance and monitoring of citizens easier and more commonplace. Freedom, in the true sense of the word still depends on where you live, your age and your gender. However, I feel Orwells novel should be recognised for its extraordinary impact and significant contribution to human rights in the modern world. Although Orwells warning has been subjected to many interpretations I feel a novelist is supposed to make you think and possibly reflect you must agree, job well done. Despite its critics 1984 has sold millions of copies and has been translated into 65 languages.

The Breadwinner Chapter 1

The Breadwinner A STUDY GUIDE How to use the study buy the farm Read the questions for for each one chapter BEFORE you read the invigorated. Look for the answers as you read making sure to highlight the passages in the novel that assist you in answering the study guide questions. Highlight in your text any quotations noted in the study guide. Respond to the study guide questions in COMPLETE SENTENCES. You should write at to the lowest degree two-three thoughtful sentences for each question. Characters -Parvane (11 years old, 6th grade) -Nooria (older sister) -Maryam (5 years younger sister) -Mother - obtain -Ali (2years younger brother) Vocabulary Chapter 1 vocabulary Chador = a large piece of dark-colored cloth, typically worn by Muslim women, wrapped around the head and upper body to leave besides the face exposed. condemnation These women dedicate to wear a chador. Marveled = a wonderful or astonishing person or thing the marvels of technology Charlie, youre a marvel Sen tence That boor is really marveled. -Labyrinth = Anatomy a complex structure in the inner ear that contains the organs of key outing and balance. It consists of bony cavities (the bony labyrinth) filled with fluid and lined with sensitive membranes (the membranous labyrinth). Sentence Going with a labyrinth is very hard and onfusing. -Relented = aban mount or mitigate a harsh intention or cruel sermon she was going to pass up his request, but relented. (Esp. of bad weather) become little severe or intense by evening the rain Sentence Your pargonnts relented you when you were very young. -Forbade = refuse to allow (something) environmental laws forbid alteration of the coast. See note at prohibit order ( soul) not to do something I was forbidden from leaving Russia trans. my concern has forbidden me to eat sugar. Sentence She forbade you to wear that. -Decreed = an official order issued by a legal authority.Sentence Mr. President issued a decreed that we are not to oversee with any of those matters. -Scampered = (esp. of a small animal or child) run with quick light steps, esp. through fear or excitement Sentence She scampered along the road. -Burqa = a long, loose garment covering the integral body, worn in public by many Muslim women. Sentence The Taliban requests all women wearing a burqa. How has Parvanas hotness mixtured since the Taliban took control? She lost everything. outgrowth when the bombing began she couldnt go to school any much because all females were required to stay inside their house.At first she actually wish it but then when she realized the consequences she started understanding. As the war continued more bombs came and one hit their home. It was a nice house with many rooms and her induce had a good job and with that nice income. But this first bomb destroyed everything they had to move and but the worst her breed lost his legs. As they kept moving their housing began to shrink every time they had a smaller house until at one time they only have 1 room in a half destroyed apartment. This doesnt give anyone of her family any privacy so they have a tuff time with that.Also her give now since he provide read and write works on the marked and reads letters for money. Also they sell their family place. Parvana actually gets a pass to go outside because she has to help oneself her pa crack since he overly sold his fake legs. When the Taliban see her, her father always finds a good excuse so nothing really happens. CHAPTER wizard (p. 7-18) 1. why does Parvana have to hide her face and voice when she goes to the marketplace with her father? What will happen if she doesnt? The Taliban who at that stage rule the country dont allow any female to be outside their house remove if they wear a burqa and have a male guardian.They are only allowed to show their hair and face to close relatives. Parvana pot only come outside on the marked because her father needs help to walk and since he doesnt has an y other child stiff replete it as to be Parvana. She can show her face because she is still a child and no women. She is not supposed to talk because she isnt supposed to be out of the house so she should act as if she wasnt there. Mostly the Taliban are fine with it that Parvana helps her father and there is no other option. But if a older women would do the same and not be totally covered she would be punished badly. . How old is Parvana? How is age significant for a girl donjon in a connection governed by the Taliban? Parvana is 11. This is important because it shows she is still a child. The Talban arent as strict most the rules with being covered up and staying inside with a child. Also her father can have much better excuses for her than for his married woman or older daughter. 3. How does Parvana initially feel more or less not being able to go to school? What does Nooria understand or so this situation that Parvana does not? At first Parvana didnt get the whole situat ion so she actually enjoyed it.At that point Nooria actually did get the situation and hated Parvana for being so stupid. She knew the Taliban wouldnt let them go to school for a very long time and they would probably not e educated. As Parvana began to understand the whole situation she started aroma alike(p) Nooria did. 4. How does Parvanas father currently make a living for the family? wherefore has he chosen this as his occupation? He reads and writes letters for nation. near no one went to college and many couldnt even read. He actually could and also in many different languages. He also sold the family belongings on the marked for some extra money.Actually this family is lucky for having someone with such rare talent so people dont really have a choice except for paying her father to read their letters to them. 5. Describe the living conditions Parvana and her family currently exist in. Compare them to the familys previous living situation. Their house is very small and food is rare. They have to go get the body of water from outside their house. Also almost all of their belongings are sold. It is a one-room apartment in a half bombed down house. There is no privacy for any of them. Also it gets even worse since only two of them can go outside.It is usually for the rest righteous cleaning. Before they had good income and a huge house. All of them were able to go outside and have fun. They had flowing water and much food. 6. What is the Taliban? Describe the restrictions they place on the people of Kabul. The Taliban are a group of religious extremists. They ruled Afghanistan from Kabul. From their law no women could go outside except with their husband or their permission. Also they started war so bombs destroyed much. A grown up women had to cover her whole body in public and could only show her body to close relatives. CHAPTER TWO (p. 19-33) 1. con through with(p) the mixed emotions Parvana feels active carrying water for her family. She knows that she is the only one who can do the job but also sometimes she is so tired that Parvana would give a lot for not doing it. Adding to that she is really angry about it that her sister always comments what she does. Usually only her anger and province for her family give her the power to finish the task. 2. justify who Hossain is. Got killed. 3. How can we be brave? Nooria asked. We cant even go outside. There are many types of battles, Father said quietly. (29) Explain what Father rigorouss in the above quotes.How does he want his daughters to be brave? A battle doesnt have to be with weapons. The thing that hurts most arent physical pains its metal one. Fighting with words or just surviving under such Bad live circumstances is being brave. Also to fight the temptation to just go outside and probably gets killed through that is a huge battle. 4. As the soldiers pried her loose, she heard her father say, Take care of the others, my Malali. Then he was gone. (31) Who is Ma lali? Why does Parvanas father call her that and ask her to care for the others? Malali is a brave girl from a story.The Afghans were about to lose a big battle but then she came and led the army to win. It always was Parvanas favorite story and her father knew she would do everything to be like Malali so she would take care of the family. She would try being as strong and brave as the girl in the story her father knew. 5. Fathers books Some were English books about history and literature. They were kept hidden because the Taliban burned books they didnt like. (32) What does this quote explain about the Taliban and the difficult position Parvanas father would have been in once they took power in Afghanistan?The Taliban only respected their own couture and with that also their language. If someone was educated somewhere else they said their mind was perverted and they now are bad people. The English books were evidence that her father was educated in England and the Taliban wouldnt like that at all. Also later Parvanas father was interpreted off these books were basically the only things that remained them of him. 6. Why do you believe the Taliban took Parvanas father away? They think his mind was twisted through the education in a different country. They though he is someone bad. Also their religion was if they kill someone bad they would be good.Another thing is they say if someone goes away to be educated he is saying his home country is bad. CHAPTER THREE (p. 34-43) 1. List the ways the Taliban restricts the movement, dress and behavior of women and girls as noted in the novel thus far. Women have to wear burqas when they go outside and they have to have a male guardian or permission from their husband. As child the rules werent so strict for Parvana and since she is the only option the Taliban allowed it. If women showed any part of their body in public she would be punished. Only close relatives were allowed to see her. Cant go to work, school.Cant ma ke eye contact with man. No public transportation. 2. Why was the act of Parvana and her mother traveling to the prison to find Father such a difficult one? Because women on their own cant ride the bus. Also due the long Burqa Parvanas mother had to wear they couldnt walk fast. The way to the prison was long and the roads destroyed. Had photographs but they were illegal? 3. How do Parvana and her mother attempt to get her father out of prison and what is the issuing? They were keeping nameing the guards that he didnt do anything and they should let him go free. Also that they want him dorsum.But then they got beaten up. 4. Helping Mother down the humiliated stairs was a little like helping Father, as the billowing burqa half-bakede it hard for her to see where she was going. (39) What does this passage imply about the impact of a burqa on the movement and daily activity of a woman? Why would the Taliban desire such an impact? It shows that through the dress recruit of the Ta liban women werent able to really walk also the bombing destroyed many roads and buildings which made it even harder. CHAPTER FOUR (p. 44-53) 1. If we had left Afghanistan when we had the chance, I could be doing my work We are Afghans.This is our home. If all the educated people leave, who will rebuild the country? (45) Parvana says this is an disceptation her parents frequently have. Explain her mothers side of the reason and her fathers side of the argument. Why is theirs such a difficult position to be in? Her mother said they had a chance to leave the country but they didnt. Since some(prenominal) mother and father in Parvanas Family are educated they are part of the higher standard group of people. Her fathers argument is that Afghanistan will need smart people to rebuild the country after the Taliban were gone. Mother wants to do their job.If there are no other educated people who wants to kick out the taliban 2. Why is Parvana the only member of the family who can go ou t and purchase food while her father is in prison? Her sister is to old to just safely go outside without a man and Ali is too young. But she is still a girl so she can go outside and buy food. 3. Now Ive got her, Parvana thought. I can make her as miserable as she makes me. But she was surprised to find that this thought gave her no pleasure. Maybe she was too tired and too hungry. Instead of reaching her back, she took the money from her sisters hand (53).This quotation points to the ongoing conflict between the sisters. Explain why Parvana initially thinks she will be able to make Nooria miserable. Because if Parvana would not go, and get the food, her sister would certainly have to, and without her father being there she was scared. handle why you believe that thought does not give Parvana any pleasure. Because Nooria always was mean to Parvana and Parvana had never had a real chance to give that back. CHAPTER FIVE (p. 54-62) 7. Parvana begins to change once her father has bee n put in prison. Characterize the change that begins to occur in Parvana.What does she do that shows this change and explain why she is changing. She actually was responsible enough to go on the marked and get the food also she got water for her family. She could have tortured Nooria but she didnt instead she just did her work. 8. Who is Mrs. Weera and why is her visit to Parvanas family so important? She worked with Parvanas mother in concert and needs a piece of writing. She is one of the old friends of the family and now she builds them up again. Gym teacher Parvanas Teacher. CHAPTER six (p. 63-73) 1. They were going to turn her into a son (63).Explain the plan Mrs. Weera and the family come up with. Why must Parvana make the final decision if the plan was to work. They wanted to turn her into a boy so she could earn money and go on the marked freely. To cut her hair of and make her look like a boy isnt to hard and the rest could also force her to do it but the acting on the mar ked and the talking was her job and if she doesnt want to do it there would be no way to force her. 2. When Parvana goes out in the street dressed as a boy she feels different. Explain the difference in her feelings and why this is so.She feels free and another thing as a girl she always tried to hide now if she just acts normal she has the best cover ever its just another boy running around the streets. 3. The important characters in The Breadwinner are(list five and a brief description of each) a. Parvana very strong heart, doesn,t like older sister b. Parvana as boy = does everything to help family actually works together with her sister c. Nooria = grumpy but takes responsibility for family d. Mother = after father was taken away depressions e. Father = always believed in Parvana CHAPTER SEVEN (p. 74-82) 1.Parvana reads a letter for a Talib. What is surprising about his reaction to the letter? Why? Before she thought Taliban werent human they had no feelings and were cold bloo ded. But then she realized that they actually are human and only do what they doctrine in and that some are forced to do so. CHAPTER EIGHT (p. 83-94) 1. Why does Mrs. Weera move in with Parvana and her family? She and Parvanas Mother want to make their own magazine and also she wants to bring the family back on track. 2. What excellent idea does Parvana have regarding her freedom as a boy and how she can help her mother and sister?Why powerfulness Nooria object to the idea? She as male guardian could take them outside and there would be no risk. Taking them out after a year and a half of a small closed room improves their mood by a lot. 3. What does Parvana discover about the blacked-out window? Make a prediction about what might happen later in the novel in relation to the window. There is a woman who lets stuff come to her to tell some kind of message. Maybe at the end she will help them or she will betray them. CHAPTER NINE (p. 95-103) 1. Describe the conditions of Shauzias lif e (family, work, home).Why might it be helpful to Parvana to know about the difficulties of another girl her age? She has even les money and their living conditions are really bad. 2. In this chapter, plans for the magazine and a school for girls begin to develop. What are the plans and why are such conversations so important for Parvana, Mother, Mrs. Weera and Nooria? This would give girls a chance to actually learn again and do something different from just staying at home. Also it is finally something to do for Nooria and her Mother. The magazine lets other people around the world know whats going on in Afghanistan.CHAPTER TEN (p. 104-113) 1. What do the girls see to do to make more money? Why do you think Parvana has trouble morally with the idea of this money-making scheme? They determined to dig up drum on a grave yard and sell them to the bone Bocker. Higher money income. Because she asks her self the question if their families would be mad and if the dead person themselve s would. 2. When Parvana has to go to the bathroom in the middle of the day, she is very scared. Explain why. What would you have done in her place? She is firstly scared that someone finds out she is no boy and also because of landmines.She heard many stories about them and that she could blow up any second. I wouldnt go dig up bones in the first place. CHAPTER ELEVEN (p. 114-122) 1. Why does Parvana cry when she returns from the graveyard? Is she being immature? She cries because all these pictures of skulls on a grave stone and bones come back into her mind. No she isnt because it is hard enough even being able to ruin other peoples graves. 2. Why does Parvana want to continue digging up bones? Because she makes more money that way, so she and her friend have some left overs for their money making idea. . What gift drops on Parvanas head in this chapter? It was a red wooden bead. 4. Why does Parvana feel that arguing with Nooria just doesnt make sense any more? Because they all have to help each other and stick together to get through this hard situation, and also because she thinks she or Nooria have changed. 5. Parvana cant stand to eat her nan at lunch and gives it to a beggar instead. What does this action reveal about Parvana? What does she recognize about food in their society? It shows that digging up the bones actually effects her and makes her feel bad.Also that there isnt much food in society. 6. The girls decide to go sell their goods at a soccer match. When they get to the stadium, they see something very different from a soccer match going on. What do they witness? That the Taliban cut of hands of thief. As a brutal way of punishment. CHAPTER TWELVE (p. 123-134) 1. Mothers reaction to the events at the soccer stadium is What century are we living in? (123). What does she mean when she says this? She means that no one profits from this and that almost no one likes or is even ok with the situation.She means that many years ago this was done and she feels like they life in a society of that time. 2. No one said anything to Parvana when the bread ran out, but she got up and went to work that day anyway. Some things just had to be done (124). What does this passage reveal about Parvana, especially in comparison to her behavior at the beginning of the novel? She changed a lot she now is very responsible and knows what she has to do she wont even complain about it anymore, because it feels just right. 3. Shauzia tells Parvana she has a plan to leave.Parvana wonders how she can leave her family. What do both girls struggle with at the prospect of fleeing Afghanistan? Why does Shauzia feel like a bad person? That they have to leave their family behind also they have to decide fast because their body is changing and the cant keep up the cover. Also her family will not survive if she leaves since she is their breadwinner. 4. Parvanas sense of what is normal has changed. Explain this change. She starts to stick with the situation a nd also to accept it at the beginning she wasnt open to any changes and still thought about the yesteryear.Because her life of sitting at the marked and trying to be invisible and then pretending to be a boy and taking over the family responsibilities. 5. Explain how Nooria and Mrs. Weera starting the school for girls is a form of resistance against the Taliban. They only have very few girls and sometimes she goes to the students sometimes the students come. They wanted to give the girls education which the Taliban stoped. CHAPTER THIRTEEN (p. 135-143) 1. Why does Nooria decide to join a man she hardly knows? What will the benefits of the union be? She can finally start her own life and she thinks she chance educated there.She thinks that the Taliban have less power there. 2. Parvana refuses to go to Mazar for the wedding yet she sulks when her mother decides not to take Parvana with her. Explain why Parvana might feel such mixed emotions. Because its her sisters wedding and the w hole family should be there also the trip is dangerous. She wants to stay for her friend and also in case her father comes back. She has to work for the money. 3. As Nooria leaves, Parvana teases her. A change in their relationship is evident. Explain how things used to be and how they are now as the two sisters anticipate being separated.Why do you believe this change has come about? At the beginning Parvana and Nooria hated each other and every kind of teasing started a fight. Now since the situation got so bad they started working together and actually acting like sisters. CHAPTER FOURTEEN (p. 144-154) 1. What kind and courageous act does Parvana carry out in this chapter? She brings a home she doesnt even know. This was notional because this women didnt wear a burqa and not even a chador. She would be in much trouble if the Taliban found them. 2. Describe what the Kabul of the past was like.In the past Kabul was the hotspot of Asia. There used to be lights through the whole nig ht and the nightlive was amazing. 3. Why does Parvana think of herself as Malali leading the troops through enemy territory? (148). Because she helps that women and this task was very risky. Also because she was pretending to be a boy even though she is a girl. 4. What terrible news does Parvana gather in once Homa has rested, eaten and is able to speak? Why would she not have heard about this before? That the Taliban took over Mazar and killed many people, since her family was there she thinks they are dead.She didnt hear of that before because there are no news through telivision or radio. 5. How does Parvana respond to this news? Why do you think she deals with the situation this way? First she does the same thing as her mother but then she gets back up and continues fighting. All this for the case if her father comes back. CHAPTER FIFTEEN (p. 155-166) 1. Parvana begins to feel better in this chapter. What is the source of her new sense of purpose and hope? Her father has come home so she actually has a thing to fight for. She hoped since her father came back the rest of the faily may also come home. . Shauzia wants desperately to leave Afghanistan. What is Parvanas reaction to this desire? What is Mrs. Weeras response to Parvanas request that Shauzia go with her to Pakistan? Parvana wants to help her friend but Miss Weera doesnt want to take her to Pakistan because she thinks its not right. 3. Why does Parvana plant flowers in the spot where she usually sells in the marketplace? As a gift to the women behind the dark window, and as a goodbye. To show the window women she isnt coming back. 4. The flowers draw the attention of many people. What might the flowers be a symbol of in the novel?Because it is something butifull and a sign of peace. Which both is really rare in this situation. Because they believed the flower isnt going to grow and Parvana is incorrect to even try. 5. The future is uncertain for Shauzia and Parvana but the make a plan to see eac h other in twenty years. What is the plan and what does Parvana wonder about as she departs from Kabul? They plan is that they meet each other on the first day of spring on the top of the ifel tower in Paris. Parvana wonders about what her country is going to be like in that time and if both of them survive the time.